Influences on Taj Mahal design
The Taj incorporates and expands on many design traditions, particularly Persian, Hindu and earlier Mughal architecture.
The overall design derived inspiration from a number of successful Mughal buildings: these include Humayun's Tomb, Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb (often called the Baby Taj), and his own Jama Masjid. Under Shah Jahan's patronage, Mughal building reached new levels of refinement:, previous Mughal building had primarily been constructed of red sandstone; Shah Jahan promoted the use of white marble inlaid with semi-precious stones.
Interior of masjid dome, showing inlaid geometric decoration
Hindu craftsmen, particularly sculptors and stonecutters, plied trade throughout Asia during this period, and their work was particularly prized by tomb builders. Almost exclusively, Hindus' only large buildings were temples (not palaces or public buildings). These imposing structures were constructed using rock-cut architecture, or by building massive edifices with large blocks of stone. Every surface was then carved with sculpture.
The Mughals in particular abandoned Persian construction techniques (mostly brickwork covered with decorative tile) in favor of these techniques of Hindu temple construction. The Taj is a prime example: All the buildings are made of large blocks of stone; cut, polished, and sculpted.
Wherever Hindu craftsmen worked, they incorporated design elements from Hindu iconography. Thus sculptured elements of the Taj include lotuses, roses, and similar forms typical of Hindu temple carvings.
Hindu design also influenced Mughal mosques: as at the Taj, Mughal mosques are typically divided into three halls, and incorporate domes -- elements typical of Hindu temple design.